Influence of Structural Parameters on the Mechanical Performance of Multi-Layer U-Shaped Metal Bellows

Metal bellows feature a simple structure, high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and strong flexibility for compensation, making them widely used in the aerospace, machinery, and petrochemical industries. Compared to multilayer bellows, single-layer bellows are simpler in structure and forming process, making the performance easier to achieve. The structural parameters of multilayer metal bellows, particularly the number of layers, significantly impact the performance. This study focuses on multilayer U-shaped metal bellows made of 304 stainless steel. Using ABAQUS finite element software, a full simulation of the hydroforming and performance analysis of multilayer U-shaped metal bellows is conducted. This study examines the effects of wall thickness thinning and residual stress distribution caused by hydroforming and explores how structural parameters (including outer diameter, corrugation height, corrugation spacing, and wall thickness) influence axial stiffness and bending performance. The findings provide valuable insights for the design and selection of metal bellows.