Huizhou residences under the influence of Zhu Xi Neo-Confucianism

Huizhou, the birthplace of Zhu Xi, was a prominent center of Neo-Confucianism. This study evaluates the effect of Zhu Xi’s philosophical tenets on the architectural design of his native region, focusing specifically on the exceptionally well-preserved residences of affluent merchants and officials in the Huizhou villages of Hongcun and Xidi. Employing spatial syntax theory to analyze building layouts and qualitative methods to appraise facades and decorative elements, this research explores the relationship between Neo-Confucian principles and residential design. The analysis indicates a strong correlation between the spatial organization of Huizhou vernacular architecture and Neo-Confucian values such as ‘self-responsibility,’ ‘social responsibility,’ and ‘love and respect for nature.’ Moreover, this study demonstrates that while Zhu Xi’s philosophy influenced the design of these dwellings, the resulting built environment cultivated the practical philosophies of the next generation of Huizhou inhabitants. These results contribute to a broader understanding of how architectural design can support a more harmonious and aesthetically pleasing way of life. This work offers valuable insights into contemporary architectural practice and presents a new perspective for interpreting regional architecture in China.