Synthesis, Characterization, Antimalarial, Antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities of GNPs with Annona muricata leaf extract

The present study is perilous to identify a quick, safe, affordable, and environmentally friendly method to synthesize nanoparticles from plant source. This is due to the extremely detrimental impacts connected to the chemical synthesis of nanoparticles. Therefore, the tropical plant species Annona muricata (A. muricata) which is a member of the Annonaceae family has numerous therapeutic applications. According to the present studies, the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were synthesized by the green synthesis method using an aqueous extract of A. muricata. The characterizations of synthesized A. muricata-GNPs was obtained by different analytical techniques including UV–visible (UV–vis), Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and X-Ray Photon Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The successful synthesis of GNPs was identified by Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peaks at 532 nm. FT-IR revealed functional groups crucial for nanoparticle formation. TEM confirmed the spherical morphology, while XRD analysis highlighted the crystalline structure. The EDX and XPS analysis determined the elemental and chemical composition of GNPs, respectively. Furthermore, A. muricata-GNPs demonstrated promising antimalarial activity against P. berghei and P. falciparum, with significant inhibition at maximum concentrations up to 4000 mg/kg. The synthesized GNPs showed significant antibacterial potentials towards both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial strains by using an agar-well diffusion method which demonstrates highest level of inhibition for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). The ABTS assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant properties of GNPs that revealed maximum activity at IC50 of 96.4 µg/mL. Thus, the aim of the current study is to synthesize A. muricata-GNPs and then to explore their antimalarial, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity that can be used as new prospects in industrial biotechnology.