Vibrating Wire Strain Gauges for Pipeline Geohazard Monitoring: Operation, Failure Mechanisms, and Data Interpretation

Abstract This paper provides an overview of vibrating wire strain gauges, detailing their operation, common failure mechanisms, recommendations for best practices for installation, and examples of strain gauge data. The investigation explores potential causes of malfunction occurring before, during, and after installation. Preinstallation damages, often stemming from mishandling or transportation issues, underscore the necessity for thorough quality control procedures. Factors contributing to strain gauge malfunction during installation, including welding defects and inadequate coating, are evaluated, along with post-installation risks, such as construction activities and animal interference. A recommended practice is outlined in this paper to prevent any damage during various phase of installation or operation, emphasizing proper quality control and protective measures. Through a detailed examination of vibrating wire (VW) strain gauge data trends during installation, backfilling, and variations in pipeline operating conditions, this paper shows that malfunctioning trends can be differentiated from those resulting from geohazard activities. By developing a deeper understanding of how the strain gauges work and the complexities in measured strain patterns, pipeline operators can enhance the use of strain gauges for effective geohazard monitoring and geohazard management.