An overview of optical schemes for spaceborne greenhouse gas passive remote sensing payload

Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), constitute the primary drivers of global warming. Controlling anthropogenic emissions is crucial in mitigating global warming. Satellite remote sensing technology is considered the most viable and effective technological support for carbon monitoring. Global-scale, long-term carbon monitoring enhances understanding of human activities' impact on carbon cycles and climate change, while high spatiotemporal resolution carbon monitoring in key regions aims to provide data support in reducing anthropogenic emissions. Passive optical remote sensing is considered the primary technological means for satellite-based carbon monitoring. The satellite-borne passive remote sensing detection technologies successfully validated in orbit include Michelson interferometric spectroscopy, grating spectroscopy, Fabry-Pérot technology, and spatial heterodyne interferometric spectroscopy. This article reviews recent advancements in optical solutions for remote sensing payloads. It thoroughly analyzes the optical performance metrics of these payloads, comparing the strengths and weaknesses of different detection technologies through optical scheme analyses. Furthermore, specific metrics and development trends for passive payloads used in high spatiotemporal resolution remote sensing of key areas have been discussed. Finally, considering the technical requirements for China's next-generation carbon satellite. A novel static interferometric imaging technique is proposed, which combines spatial heterodyne interferometric spectral technology with azimuthal arc vector orthogonal direction heterogeneous optical field modulation. This innovative technology retains the advantages of traditional spatial heterodyne interferometry with high optical throughput and spectral resolution, while introducing new modulation techniques for enhanced spatial resolution. It is anticipated to advance global environmental protection and mitigating climate change.