Monitoring and Analysis OF, PM2.5 Particles as Air Pollutants in the City of Tetovo, Republic of North Macedonia

Objective: The objective of this study is to analyze the air quality in Tetovo, Northern Macedonia, focusing on the concentration and chemical composition of PM2.5 particles. Specifically, the study aims to identify the heavy metals present in PM2.5 particles using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Theoretical Framework: Air pollution, particularly PM2.5 particles, poses significant environmental and health risks. PM2.5 particles can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Heavy metals within these particles can exacerbate these health risks. By analyzing the chemical composition of PM2.5 particles, particularly the presence of heavy metals, this study contributes to the understanding of air pollution's impact on public health and the environment in urban areas like Tetovo. Method: Two sampling points in Tetovo were selected for this study. PM2.5 particles were collected from February 5 to February 24 using PPM Systems equipment from Espoo, Finland, in accordance with EN 12341:1998 standards. Nitrocellulose and quartz filters with appropriate pore sizes were used to collect the particles. The collected PM2.5 particles were then subjected to chemical analysis using SEM to determine their composition, focusing on the presence of heavy metals. Results and Discussion: The SEM analysis revealed that the PM2.5 particles were primarily composed of carbon, oxygen, silicon, calcium, iron, and fluorine. Elements such as sulfur, aluminum, zinc, barium, and titanium were detected less frequently. Notably, the presence of heavy metals like lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) was minimal during the sampling period. These findings suggest that while the overall air quality in Tetovo is poor, the concentration of certain hazardous heavy metals in PM2.5 particles is relatively low for the sampled period. Research Implications: This study highlights the need for comprehensive air quality monitoring in Tetovo, considering different periods of the year and additional sampling points. The minimal presence of heavy metals like Pb and Cd during the sampled period indicates variability in pollution sources, which can be better understood through seasonal and more extensive spatial studies. The findings can inform local authorities and policymakers to implement targeted air quality management and pollution mitigation strategies. Originality/Value: This research provides valuable insights into the specific chemical composition of PM2.5 particles in Tetova, contributing to the limited data available for this region. By employing SEM for chemical analysis, the study offers a detailed understanding of particulate matter composition, which is crucial for assessing environmental and health impacts. The study's approach and findings can serve as a reference for future air quality assessments and pollution control efforts in similar urban settings.