Recent developments on plasma based neutron sources from microscopic innovations to meter-scale applications

Abstract The development of neutron sources has experienced significant advancements over the last decade, propelled by high-power lasers and devices capable of confining plasma in smaller volumes with the aid of strong magnets. This paper explores the cutting edge of neutron generation, recent breakthroughs in utilising ultra-intense lasers and spherical tokamaks for neutron production and upcoming opportunities created by Microreactors. We examine the capabilities of laser-driven neutron sources, as microscopic sources, microreactors based on fission, and spherical tokamaks being a fusion source as volumetric neutron sources, evaluating their potential for sustained neutron output and their role in advancing research and industry requirements. These innovations collectively push the boundaries of neutron science, paving the way for novel applications in materials science, medical imaging, and nuclear physics. Finally, an overview of the R&D programme driving these innovations, with an emphasis on the vital role of private-public partnerships and roadmap for commercialisation is discussed.