Infant Nutrition: Breast milk substitutes and gut-brain axis improved by microalgae

Nutrition during the early years of life is crucial for optimal development in babies, as this stage establishes important physiological processes such as growth, brain maturation, formation of the immune system, and the food absorption system. While breastfeeding is considered the ideal option, in some circumstances infant formulas are used as a supplement or substitute. In this context, the proposal to enrich these formulas with microalgae such as Spirulina and Schizochytrium emerges, which are rich in nutrients and beneficial bioactive compounds for health. Spirulina stands out as a concentrated source of proteins, vitamins, minerals, and other essential nutrients, while Schizochytrium sp. provides omega-3 fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is important for brain and visual development. Furthermore, the potential of microalgae and their beneficial properties are discussed, along with the reasons behind their underutilization in the past. Concerning natural and artificial breastfeeding, the importance of bacterial flora in nutrition and gut-brain health is examined. Balanced bacterial flora plays a crucial role in digestion, nutrient absorption, and maintaining overall health in both naturally-fed infants and those receiving infant formulas. In summary, the inclusion of microalgae in infant nutrition is presented as a promising strategy to improve the health and well-being of children in their early years. Fortifying infant formulas with microalgae can help meet the specific nutritional needs of infants, promote healthy growth, and prevent nutritional deficiencies, offering immunological, antioxidant, and neuroprotective benefits that support their optimal development. Keywords: Breastfeeding, Infant nutrition, Schizochytrium sp, Spirulina, Microbiota.