Examining the optimum concentrations of CuO, ZnO, TiO2, and GO in porous asphalt for urban surface runoff using response surface Methodology

Environmental issues, like the reduction of pollutants in porous materials such as asphalt, are being addressed. This research paper aims to determine an optimal concentration of nanomaterials in porous asphalt for controlling urban surface runoff. The parameters required for DOE were identified, and levels corresponding to each were tested. These levels for the factors were decided from previous research conducted using univariate tests. Its study involved the concentrations of CuO, ZnO, GO, and TiO2. Results from the five-level CCD optimization technique showed these factors’ importance and efficiency. Overall, the results showed that asphalt with nanozinc oxide increased the absorption and reduction of all kinds of pollutants in contaminated water. In contrast, nano copper oxide asphalt either had a negative impact, increasing the amount of pollution in runoff, or was minimally effective at best. Graphene oxide and titanium oxide asphalts reduced the levels of specific pollutants: phosphate, lead, zinc, nitrate, and TSS.