Hematite Mace-Heads: A Specialized Craft Unique to the Late Chalcolithic Period

The mace was one of the most important and commonly used weapons for striking and smashing in hand-to-hand combat in the battlefields of the ancient Near East, from the tenth to the second half of the third millennia BCE. Outside the battlefield, the mace served ceremonial and ritual functions, which persisted long after its use as a weapon ceased. Hematite mace-heads are unique in the Late Chalcolithic culture that flourished in the region of Israel and Transjordan from the second half of the fifth to the first half of the fourth millennia BCE. They seem to be one of the definitive typo-chronological markers of this culture. The qualities of hematite allow for the creation of durable, effective and strong weapons, which are suitable for striking and smashing in hand-to-hand combat, as well as exceptional luxury items to be used in ritual and ceremony. The present article presents a comprehensive view of the distribution pattern and use of the hematite mace-heads, with particular attention to typological features; measurements and weights; sources of raw material; production and archaeological context; geographical distribution; and intended function and actual use.