Integrating management tactics to mitigate <scp><i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i></scp> resistance in Bt corn: refuge proportions, natural parasitoids, and selective insecticide application

Our findings suggest that parasitoids can potentially reduce the need for refuge zones, because they offset the reduction of non-Bt crops. Nevertheless, preservation of these benefical insects hinges upon the implementation of appropriate management practices by producers. Further investigations are warranted to corroborate these results, including the study of additional natural enemies. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.