Beat the Heat: Stay or Stray? Exploring the Connection of Extreme Temperature Events, Green Space, and Impervious Surfaces in European Cities

In urban areas prone to extreme weather, it has become crucial to implement effective strategies to improve living conditions for residents reliant on medical and educational facilities. This research highlighted the importance of urban green spaces in cooling European cities and examined the planning and maintenance of these areas alongside economic losses due to water consumption during heatwaves. Key findings using an SEM (structural equation model) showed that hot summer days indirectly impacted water prices by increasing cumulative temperature days. The confidence interval (0.015, 0.038) confirmed this effect. Additionally, tropical nights indirectly impacted water prices, as shown by the cooling degree days, which indicated the need for air conditioning. The increased use of energy for cooling resulted in higher water prices due to the water required for power generation. This effect was statistically significant, with an estimated value of 0.029 (p < 0.001). A generalized linear model (GLM) indicated an inverse relationship between urban green space and impervious surfaces (slope: −0.69996 ± 0.025561, intercept: 53.675 ± 0.97709, p < 0.01), which was important for reducing impervious surfaces and improving water management, ultimately leading to cooler urban temperatures. Practical recommendations for decision-makers, urban planners, and residents are provided to adapt to changing extreme weather conditions. These include improving the soil environment in current locations and increasing access to green spaces, which can enhance well-being and address health issues.