Efficacy of Animal Urine-Based Organic Fertilizer Enriched with Nano Palm Oil Empty Bunch Ash on Red Spinach (Amaranthus tricolor L.) Growth and Yield

Abstract This research aims to study the effect of liquid organic fertilizer in the urine of goats, rabbits, and cows added with Empty Palm Oil Bunches (EPOB)’s nano ash in increasing red spinach’s growth and yield ( Amaranthus tricolor L.). The treatments tested consisted of seven treatments, namely control (recommended urea dose), cow urine liquid organic fertilizer, cow urine liquid organic fertilizer-empty palm oil bunches nano, goat urine liquid organic fertilizer, goat urine liquid organic fertilizer-empty palm oil bunches nano, rabbit urine liquid organic fertilizer, Rabbit urine liquid organic fertilizer-empty palm oil bunches nano. All treatments were repeated three times. Parameters measured were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, crown fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, yield, and anthocyanin levels. The results showed that the application of cow urine liquid organic fertilizer affected the growth and yield of red spinach, with an average yield of 20.4 tons/ha.