Studies of Applications of Cold Plasma Systems in Cancer Treatment: Mechanisms of Oxidant Stress and Pathway Signaling

Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has gained attention as a non-invasive therapeutic option in oncology due to its selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells. CAP produces a complex mixture of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), which induce oxidative stress, leading to various forms of cell death, including apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. These mechanisms allow CAP to target cancer cells effectively while sparing healthy tissue, making it a versatile tool in cancer treatment. This review explores the molecular pathways modulated by CAP, including PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, and p53, which are crucial in the regulation of cell survival and proliferation. Additionally, in vivo, in vitro, and clinical studies supporting the efficacy of CAP are collected, providing additional evidence on its potential in oncological therapy.