Predicting the dynamic moduli and viscosities of bitumens via oscillatory strain-controlled molecular simulations

• Oscillatory shear effective in capturing dynamic properties in bitumen using MD. • Frequency sweep tests show moduli of 1000–20 MPa and viscosities 40–0.001 Pa s. • SARA fractions differ mechanically: Saturates thinnest, Asphaltenes stiffest. • MD relaxation times are faster than experiments, enabling Hertz-long oscillations. • Simulations reveal Elastic, Glassy, Rubbery, Rubbery Flow, and Viscous regimes. This study employs strain-controlled oscillatory deformations in Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations to evaluate the dynamic properties of all-atom molecular systems, specifically targeting the SARA fractions of bitumen. Twelve molecular systems representing these fractions were modeled using the PCFF force field. The simulations effectively captured their viscoelastic properties across multiple frequency domains, including Elastic, Glassy, Rubbery, and Viscous responses. Reported storage and loss moduli range from thousands to tens of megapascals, with viscosities from tens to near-zero Pascal-seconds across various frequencies and temperatures, aligning well with experimental observations. Saturates and Aromatics were identified as the softest and most thermally susceptible fractions, while Resins and Asphaltenes were the stiffest and least susceptible. The study reveals that the relaxation time of all-atom molecular systems is significantly shorter than in experimental setups, necessitating careful comparison of stress-related phenomena across equivalent relaxation times. Although this allows for the exploration of response profiles in computationally tractable simulations, the nature of all-atom force fields and simulation algorithms introduces spatiotemporal scale discrepancies that must be addressed in future simulations involving the study of stress-related phenomena using MD.