Thermal Radiation Effects on Entropy Generation in Porous Media with Casson Fluid via FEM Insights

This paper offers a detailed examination of entropy generation within a porous medium that is saturated with Casson fluid during the process of natural convection. The governing equations comprising momentum, energy, and entropy are solved numerically using the finite element method. The research explores various significant parameters, including the Casson fluid parameter, thermal radiation, Rayleigh number, and Prandtl number, to evaluate their effects on entropy generation. Findings indicate that the Darcy and Rayleigh numbers primarily dictate the strength of natural convection, while the Casson fluid parameter has a considerable impact on both flow dynamics and heat transfer characteristics. This analysis delivers essential insights for optimizing flow and thermal behaviors in systems utilizing Casson fluids. Furthermore, the Prandtl number highlights the significance of heat transport relative to viscous effects. A near thermal stratification is observed at β=0.001, and the isotherms undergo substantial changes as temperature gradients increase to β = 1. The average Nusselt number and total entropy are influenced by the temperature distribution, with a consistent flow pattern emerging over time. As the Rayleigh number in the flow configuration rises, the velocity decreases, leading to the emergence of uniform flow phenomena. 1 College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China 2 Institution of Urban Smart Transportation & Safety Maintenance College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China 3 Department of Mathematics, University of The Gambia, P.O. Box 3530, Serrekunda, The Gambia 4 Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Campus, Park Road, Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan Keywords: Casson Fluid, Entropy Generation, Heat Transfer, Porous Medium, Finite Element Method, N