Sitai Neolithic site in Shangyi, Hebei

Abstract Neolithic remains at the Sitai site, uncovered from 2020 to 2022, are categorized into five groups. Notable findings include over 40 houses and a variety of artifacts made from pottery, stone, bone, and shell. Groups I and II’s remains reveal distinct cultural characteristics, identifying the early Neolithic Sitai culture. Group III provides evidence of domesticated agriculture dating back to around 7600 years ago, marking the inception of dryland farming in northern China. Group IV’s cultural elements align with the later stage of Phase II of the Yumin culture (Xinglong culture Phase II), restricting the Yumin culture’s southern extent. Lastly, Group V’s remains highlight significant exchanges with distant northern cultures, which is crucial for understanding the early Steppe Silk Road’s development.