Comparative Study of Facial Expression Recognition Using Facial Landmark in e-Learning System

The e-Iearning system or distance learning system has become important, especially during the COVID-19 pan-demic. Several tertiary institutions have made the e-Iearning system an alternative teaching and learning activity. Research on the use of e-Iearning needs to be explored to obtain innovative, creative, and fun learning. One aspect that can be examined in e-learning is students' emotional response to the learning activities. The emotional state of students directly or indirectly affects the learning process. The student's emotional responses can be measured by their facial expressions. In this study, an exploration was carried out on the facial expressions shown by students in HSS Learning, an e-Iearning for learning web programming. The student's facial expressions were extracted using 68 pairs of facial landmarks and additional 6 facial feature vectors. The total number of features used is 142. Machine learning methods for classification are applied to determine the performance of several classification models, including the k-Nearest Neighbor (k- NN) algorithm, Logistic Regression, and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Machine learning performance evaluation is done using the Fl-score and confusion matrix. The results show that the accuracy of the k-NN, Logistic Regression, and SVM are 91.4%, 92.2%, and 92.1 %, respectively. However, the Fl-score macro values are relatively low due to data imbalance with the k- NN, Logistic Regression, and SVM models are 0.250, 0.272, and 0.243, respectively. While the study provides insight into the student learning experience in e-Iearning settings, this study needs to be explored more.