A Structural Equation Model Linking Early-Life Stress to Adult Mental and Cardiovascular Disease

Depression and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are identified among the major six non-communicable diseases with significant global burdens. Early life stress (ELS) is recognized as a contributing factor to both conditions, influencing long-term health outcomes. This study aims to investigate the impact of ELS on CVDs within the UK Biobank population using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), a statistical method used to test and validate complex relationships between observed and latent variables. The results showed a direct association between ELS and CVD, as well as indirect paths highlighting BMI, smoking behaviors, and psychological conditions as key mediators. ELS increased the risk of overweight, with BMI playing a critical role in CVD development. Smoking and education levels were also linked to ELS, while maternal smoking exacerbated the risk of ELS and directly influenced the onset of CVD in adulthood. These findings underscore the complex interplay of early life experiences, socioeconomic factors, and health behaviors in shaping cardiovascular health over time. Understanding these relationships is crucial for developing targeted interventions to mitigate ELS's impact on CVD risk.