Evaluation of the Effect of Precursor NMC622@TiO₂ Core–Shell Powders Using a Prelithiated Anode from Fig Seeds: Spotlight on Li-ion Full-Cell Performance

In this study, innovative electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) were developed and characterized, demonstrating significant performance enhancements. Initially, NMC622@TiO₂ was synthesized using a wet-chemical method with titanium(IV) ethoxide as the Ti source. Advanced structural investigations confirmed the successful formation of a core@shell structure with negligible cation mixing (Li⁺/Ni²⁺) at the NMC622 surface, contributing to enhanced electrochemical performance. Subsequently, carbon-based anode materials were produced from biomass, specifically fig seeds, and subjected to high-temperature heat treatment. The resulting powders exhibited dominant graphitic properties, evidenced by a Raman <i>I</i>_D/<i>I</i>_G ratio of 0.5. Electrochemical evaluations of both electrode materials were conducted using half-cell configurations. The optimization of the TiO₂ coating process was assessed through half-cell performance metrics and diffusion rates calculated from galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) experiments. The final phase focused on full-cell design, employing a prelithiation strategy for anodes using a direct contact technique. Optimization of the prelithiation process led to the assembly of full cells combining NMC622/prelithiated fig-seed anodes and NMC622@TiO₂/prelithiated fig-seed anodes. The results revealed that TiO₂-coated NMC622, paired with prelithiated carbon anodes derived from fig seeds, delivered superior performance compared to uncoated NMC622 full cells. This study underscores the potential of biomass-derived carbon anodes and TiO₂ coatings in enhancing the efficiency and performance of LIBs.