Study of Electric Bus Scheduling Problem Considering V2G and Battery Degradation

With the development of renewable energy such as solar and wind energy, the instability and intermittent of renewable energy have brought new challenges to the power grid. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services can reduce grid pressure, improve grid stability, and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This article establishes a mixed-integer linear programming model for the electric bus fleet, considering V2G, nonlinear charging and linear discharge, and battery degradation to find the optimal schedule to minimize the total cost of the fleet (including operating cost and battery degradation cost). A case study of a bus route is solved by CPLEX. The computational investigation showed the V2G solution reduces the total cost by 75.32% when the cost of battery degradation is 600 yuan/kWh. Through sensitivity analysis, as the battery degradation cost decreases, the total cost will decrease significantly, thus making it more advantageous for electric buses to trade energy with the grid.