Blockchain and game-based optimal pricing approach for electric vehicles towards 5G

This paper proposes an amalgamation of blockchain and Interplanetary File System (IPFS) incentive approach for distributed electric vehicle (EV) charging. The incorporated blockchain technology with IPFS protocol ensures cost- efficient and reliable data transactions between EVs and Charging Stations (CSs). We have integrated a fifth generation (5G) communication network to ensure low latency and highly reliable communication between EV and CS. Furthermore, the proposed blockchain and gamification approach employs a conditional zero sum (C-ZeSu) game theory to optimize the incentive for EV charging. The performance analysis of the proposed incentive approach is evaluated and implemented over the Remix Integrated Development Environment (R-IDE) by deploying the smart contracts of formulated C-ZeSu game in terms of various performance evaluation metrics such as convergence and transaction efficiency analysis, 5G New Radio (NR) bit error rates.