A Comparative Study of Electric Vehicles Battery State of Charge Estimation Based on Machine Learning and Real Driving Data

Electric vehicles (EVs) are rising in the automotive industry, replacing combustion engines and increasing their global market presence. These vehicles offer zero emissions during operation and more straightforward maintenance. However, for such systems that rely heavily on battery capacity, precisely determining the battery’s state of charge (SOC) presents a significant challenge due to its essential role in lithium-ion batteries. This research introduces a dual-phase testing approach, considering factors like HVAC use and road topography, and evaluating machine learning models such as linear regression, support vector regression, random forest regression, and neural networks using datasets from real-world driving conditions in European (Germany) and African (Morocco) contexts. The results validate that the proposed neural networks model does not overfit when evaluated using the dual-phase test method compared to previous studies. The neural networks consistently show high predictive precision across different scenarios within the datasets, outperforming other models by achieving the lowest mean squared error (MSE) and the highest R2 values.