A 15-Year Observational Cohort of Acute Empyema at a Single-Center in Japan

<b>Introduction:</b> Despite the advancements in diagnostic methods and antibiotic treatment, empyema is a critical respiratory infection, showing a high mortality rate of 10-25%. <b>Patients and Methods:</b> To evaluate the bacterial etiology and prognostic factors of acute empyema, we conducted this long-term retrospective cohort study at our institute between 2008 and 2022. <b>Results:</b> A total of 80 patients were enrolled in this cohort. The median age was 72 years (range 19 to 93 years), and 61 (76%) were male. The most common underlying disease was malignancy, seen in 28 (35%). The mean Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) was 2.7 (±2.4). The 30-day and in-hospital mortality were 9 (11%) and 15 (19%), respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that healthcare-associated infection, inappropriate treatment, high CCI score, performance status (PS) of 2-4, and isolation of potentially drug-resistant (PDR) pathogens were poor prognostic factors. Finally, multivariate analysis showed that high CCI score (<i>p</i> = 0.009) and isolation of PDR pathogens (<i>p</i> = 0.011) were independent poor prognostic factors for in-hospital death in acute empyema. <b>Conclusions:</b> We found that higher CCI scores and isolation of PDR pathogens were independent poor prognostic factors for in-hospital mortality among empyema patients.