Opportunistic Weather Sensing by Smart City Wireless Communication Networks

This paper presents how the concept of opportunistic integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), focusing on weather sensing, is incorporated into wireless smart cities' networks. The concept, first introduced in 2006, utilized standard signal level measurements from wireless backhaul cellular networks for rain monitoring. Since then, it has expanded to include technologies like satellite communication and smart cities' networks. Opportunistic ISAC (OISAC) for weather involves transforming communication networks into virtual sensors by interpreting the signal attenuation caused by environmental factors, such as rain. These virtual sensors form the sensing layer of an IoT system, with built-in connectivity. In this paper, we present the recent advancements in the field, emphasizing the potential of current and future smart cities' wireless networks for accurate rainfall monitoring. We also demonstrate a test case in the city of Rehovot in Israel, where high spatiotemporal resolution rain maps produced via the OISAC paradigm significantly outperform the spatial resolution achieved by modern weather radars. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities in applying this concept.