Development of Vividness, Blackness, Depth, and Whiteness Scales Under High Range of Luminance Levels

ABSTRACT Two‐dimensional (2D) color appearance scales, including attributes such as whiteness, blackness, vividness, and depth, are closely aligned with our daily experiences and are thus highly sought after. This article presents a psychophysical experiment utilizing the magnitude estimation method under four levels of luminance (10, 100, 1000, and 10 000 cd/m 2 ). Observers evaluated both traditional one‐dimensional scales (brightness, colorfulness, and hue) and 2D scales (whiteness, blackness, vividness, and depth). The collected data were utilized to evaluate existing color appearance models, including CIECAM16, CAM16‐UCS, V * ab , and D * ab . Subsequently, new scales derived from the CAM16‐UCS model were developed to more accurately reflect the experimental data. These scales were further validated against independent data sets. The findings indicated that the scales developed from this study outperformed existing models when applied to external data sets. Moreover, Berns's scales for vividness and depth demonstrated strong predictive accuracy. Finally, four simple and accurate 2D scales are proposed.