Review of Geomatics Solutions for Protecting Cultural Heritage in Response to Climate Change

In the context of an increasing risk to cultural heritage due to climate change, this review explores and analyzes different geomatics techniques to efficiently monitor and safeguard historical sites and works of art. The rapid succession of technological innovations relating to the production of 3D models and the growth in recent years of the risks to which monumental heritage is exposed poses an all-round reflection on the prospects for the development and refinement of the disciplines of geomatics. The results highlight that geomatics techniques certainly improve data collection and the assessment of risks associated with climate change, also supporting geospatial-based decisions aimed at managing vulnerable cultural sites. The field of digital goods represents, in fact, one of the sectors where it is not possible to centralize knowledge in a single figure, instead postulating a synergistic interaction between different knowledge and techniques. Referring to the national framework, the distinction between protection and enhancement also involves us for both aspects, combining the more consolidated use of digital heritage for cognitive purposes and for the preparation of restoration projects. The study concludes by exploring possible future directions, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and the creation of effective guidelines and policies for the preservation of cultural heritage. Finally, the growing interest in this field in artificial intelligence and, in particular, machine learning is underscored.