Trends in Cardiovascular Diseases and Costs Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) Patients in Malaysia: A Cohort Study of 240,611 Public Hospital Inpatients

The findings of this research indicated cardiovascular disease (CVD) admission trends and costs increased substantially over the years and higher costs in dual noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). These findings underscore the urgent need for enhanced preventive strategies targeting high-risk populations, such as males, individuals with severe disease levels, and specific ethnic groups. Policies should emphasize lifestyle modification programs, early diagnosis of cardiovascular risks among T2DM patients, and cost-effective treatments to mitigate the growing financial burden. Furthermore, resource allocation must be adjusted to address the increasing demand for care, particularly for conditions like IHD and MI, ensuring equitable access to quality care while containing healthcare costs.