Review: Biomacromolecules‐based encapsulation technologies for the protection of oxygen‐sensitive next‐generation probiotics

Abstract In the recent years, various strains of the gut microbiota have been discovered to possess significant therapeutic potential, they are defined as next‐generation probiotics (NGPs). Akkermansia , Faecalibacterium , Bacteriodes , Eubacterium, and Bifidobacteria are among the typical NGP strains which exhibit several interesting bioactivities as live biotherapeutics. However, some strains of NGP are extremely sensitive to oxygen, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii . This hinders their cultivation and large‐scale production. Therefore, it is essential to develop a strategy to protect them during production, storage, and colonic administration. This review, highlights key NGP strains developed in recent years, alongside the encapsulation strategies used to protect them. The primary criterion for selecting encapsulating techniques is their feasibility to be performed under strictly anaerobic conditions. Various processes have been selected according to the physical forms of the products, including liquid, gel, and solid forms, as well as the final shaping of the product. The critical factors for selecting encapsulation materials include biocompatibility, safety, effective oxygen barrier properties, and an optimal release profile in the gastrointestinal tract. This review discusses protection strategies aimed at improving the survival and thereby effectiveness of NGPs.