Effect of ETL and HTL Layers on The Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells Using SCAPS-1D Algorithm

The photovoltaic conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells has been significantly improved by the global scientific community in a short period of time. From $3.8 \%$ to $25.7 \%$, this efficiency has increased dramatically. The goal of the current study is to model perovskite solar cells and enhance the performance of hole and electron transport layers. In this study, the SCAPS-1D simulation software is employed to assess the efficiency of solar cells. This study elaborated on different Electron transport layers and hole transport layers with SCAPs-1D. TiO2 functions effectively as an electron transport layer, while $\mathbf{C u 2 O}$ serves as an ideal hole transport layer. The device demonstrated an impressive photovoltaic conversion efficiency of $28.31 \%$, an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.09 V, a current density of 30.14 $\mathrm{mA} / \mathrm{cm} 2$, and a fill factor of $\mathbf{8 5. 9 3 \%}$. Thus, lead-free perovskite solar cells are environmentally friendly and promising for future solar cells. The objective of this study is to determine the ideal thickness of the absorbent layer.