Research on the characteristics of accurate engineering mathematical model of photovoltaic cells based on grey relational analysis

Abstract Traditional photovoltaic (PV) models are characterized by excessive parameters, significant nonlinearity, and transcendental equations, making it challenging to simultaneously satisfy the speed and accuracy criteria for PV array engineering design. To improve traditional PV models and optimize parameters, a precise engineering mathematical model of PV cells is developed. At a temperature of 25 °C and a solar irradiance of 1000 W m −2 , compared with actual measurement, the calculated results of the proposed model have an average relative error of 0.22% s. In 5 random settings, compared with the traditional Newton iteration method and the approximate fitting straight line method, this model has an average relative error of 0.23% and 1.37%, respectively. After sensitivity testing on the model parameters, the grey correlation degree method is used to analyze the impact correlation and maximum power point (MPP) of 6 factors, U mpp , T , I mpp , α , R sh , and S . The results show that the proposed engineering mathematical model of PV cells is responsive to different parameters. It effectively demonstrates electrical characteristics under different conditions and highlights the impact of each parameter on the MPP. The findings can provide a foundation for optimizing large-scale solar power generation system.