A Commentary on the Plasma-Liquid Interactions

lasma-liquid interactions play a crucial role in various scientific and indusPtrial applications. Understanding the behavior and effects of plasmas interacting with liquids is essential for fields such as plasma medicine, plasma-based water treatment, plasma-assisted combustion and plasma-enhanced chemical reactions. Plasma-liquid interactions involve complex physical and chemical processes, including ionization of liquids, generation of reactive species, formation of plasma-induced waves and electric fields in the liquid and transfer of energy and momentum between plasma and liquid phases. The density of electrons and their volume fraction are fundamental factors that influence plasma-liquid interactions. These interactions are highly dependent on the temperature of the plasma, with cold plasma or nonthermal plasma being particularly relevant in ambient temperature settings. In order to study and model plasma-liquid interactions, careful attention must be paid to the presence of free or chemically bonded liquid phases in the plasma structure. Simulations of plasma-liquid interactions are challenging due to the highly nonlinear properties, coupled equations and the lack of reliable experimental benchmarks. Overall, understanding plasma-liquid interactions is vital for a wide range of scientific and industrial applications. This abstract review explores the diverse applications of plasma-liquid interactions in various fields, including nanomaterial synthesis, sterilization, disinfection and environmental remediation. The interaction between non-thermal plasma and liquid phases has led to significant advancements in nanomaterial processing, with plasma-liquid interactions offering efficient methods for nanoparticle synthesis, surface functionalization and controlled growth. In addition, plasma technology has been instrumental in sterilization and disinfection processes, providing rapid and effective means of microbial inactivation on surfaces, in water sources and in air. The review highlights the versatility of plasma systems in environmental applications, such as water treatment and soil remediation, showcasing the potential of plasma-liquid interactions for sustainable solutions. By examining the fundamental principles, applications and future perspectives of plasma-liquid systems, this review underscores the importance of plasma technology in advancing materials science, healthcare practices and environmental protection.