The Miraculous Asian Fruit <i>Baccaurea motleyana</i> Müll. Arg. (Rambai): Exploring the Phyto‐Pharmacological Potentials of Fruit Peel Through GC–MS/MS, In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Approaches

Baccaurea motleyana Müll. Arg. (Rambai), an Asian fruit belonging to the Phyllanthaceae family, is cultivated throughout Southeast Asia and has been traditionally utilized in folk medicine to address eye discomfort, digestive issues, insomnia, and fevers. This study of the peel employed four Kupchan fractions (PSF, DSF, ESF, and ASF) obtained from the methanol extract of the peel of B. motleyana for in vitro assessments, including antioxidant cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activities. The crude methanol extract was also used for in vivo evaluations, focusing on antidiarrheal and antidepressant effects, complemented by phytochemical screening and analysis using GC-MS/MS. The investigation of B. motleyana methanol peel extract identified 20 phytochemicals, with primary constituents, including phenol, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) (26.14%) and 1-heptadec-1-ynyl-cyclohexanol (23.12%). The extract exhibited potent antioxidant activity (IC₅₀: 9.43 µg/mL) and cytotoxicity (LC₅₀: 6.01 µg/mL). The most significant antidiarrheal effect was observed at a dosage of 400 mg/kg. Molecular docking studies revealed that compounds, such as C9, C2, and C19, displayed noteworthy binding affinities against glutathione reductase (-6.3 kcal/mol), urease oxidase (-6 kcal/mol), and monoamine oxidase A (-6.5 kcal/mol) receptors. In summary, our study demonstrates that fruits, like Rambai, could serve as a promising source for therapeutics and drug development in Asian countries.