Kaempferol restores the susceptibility of ESBLs Escherichia coli to Ceftiofur

Kaempferol with ceftiofur exerts synergistic antibacterial and bactericidal effects on ESBLs <i>E. coli</i> by influencing β-lactamase activity, biofilm formation, and <i>LuxS</i>/AI-2 QS system. In vivo, kaempferol protected the small intestinal villi from the damage of ESBLs <i>E. coli</i>. Furthermore, kaempferol fully restores the activity of ceftiofur in animal infection models by relieving the TLR₄/NF-κb pathway. In conclusion, the sensitivity of ESBLs <i>E. coli</i> to ceftiofur in vitro and in vivo could be enhanced by kaempferol, which showed that kaempferol may be a kind of antibiotic adjuvant.