The impact of agriculture in Visegrad countries on CO2 emissions using the FMOLS and DOLS methods in an empirical panel data study

The primary aspiration of this paper is to learn about the effects of agricultural energy consumption, agriculture value added, agricultural land and fertiliser consumption on environmental pollution in Visegrad countries. The research employs panel data from long-run models FMOLS and DOLS, covering the period from 1995 to 2020. The study suggests that there is a positive and statistically significant correlation between CO2 emissions from agriculture in Central and Eastern European countries, and factors such as higher energy consumption, increased value from agricultural production, greater fertiliser consumption, and larger arable land areas. The FMOLS and DOLS models’ long-term coefficients suggest that energy consumption in agriculture and crop area are the main factors contributing to the increase in CO2 emissions from agriculture in the studied countries. The study recommends a sustainable energy transformation of agriculture by limiting the use of fossil fuels in agricultural production and reducing share of arable land.