Prevalence and determinants of non-communicable diseases among child-bearing women in Somaliland from a 2020 nationwide survey in Somaliland

Chronic diseases contribute significantly to global morbidity and mortality, with their prevalence projected to rise due to lifestyle changes and socioeconomic factors. This study examines the prevalence and determinants of chronic diseases in Somaliland, utilizing data from the 2020 Somaliland Demographic and Health Survey (SLDHS) data. The SLDHS employed a stratified multi-stage probability cluster sampling technique to select 5,994 households. Data was collected using computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) through smartphones. The study analyzed data from 5,709 individuals to assess the prevalence and determinants of chronic diseases. The study revealed a significant prevalence rate of 8.25% for chronic diseases in Somaliland. Several risk factors were identified, including smoking, age, obesity, regional disparities, marital status, and Khat chewing. Individuals residing in the Sool region had a significantly higher risk of developing chronic diseases (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.31; 95% CI 1.594–3.348) compared to those in the Awdal region. Individuals who were abandoned had a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing chronic diseases (AOR = 2.631; 95% CI 1.042–6.646) compared to those who were married. Widowed individuals also had a significantly higher likelihood of experiencing chronic diseases (AOR = 1.759; 95% CI 1.006–3.076) compared to those who were married. Individuals classified as obese had a significantly higher odds ratio of having a chronic disease (AOR = 2.013; 95% CI 1.354–2.994) compared to those who were underweight. The significant prevalence of chronic diseases in Somaliland necessitates immediate preventive interventions and targeted strategies. Addressing risk factors such as smoking, age-related vulnerabilities, obesity, regional disparities, marital status, and Khat chewing is crucial to reduce the burden of chronic diseases. Future research should focus on longitudinal designs and broader risk factor analysis to inform effective prevention and control strategies.