Reweighting simulated events using machine-learning techniques in the CMS experiment

Data analyses in particle physics rely on an accurate simulation of particle collisions and a detailed simulation of detector effects to extract physics knowledge from the recorded data. Event generators together with a geant-based simulation of the detectors are used to produce large samples of simulated events for analysis by the LHC experiments. These simulations come at a high computational cost, where the detector simulation and reconstruction algorithms have the largest CPU demands. This article describes how machine-learning (ML) techniques are used to reweight simulated samples obtained with a given set of parameters to samples with different parameters or samples obtained from entirely different simulation programs. The ML reweighting method avoids the need for simulating the detector response multiple times by incorporating the relevant information in a single sample through event weights. Results are presented for reweighting to model variations and higher-order calculations in simulated top quark pair production at the LHC. This ML-based reweighting is an important element of the future computing model of the CMS experiment and will facilitate precision measurements at the High-Luminosity LHC.

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Journal
The European Physical Journal C
Published
2025-05-06
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14097-x
Citations
5
Primary Topic
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
9.35

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article

Reweighting simulated events using machine-learning techniques in the CMS experiment

A. Santoro, T. Reis, B. Kailasapathy, M. A. Ciocci et al.
5 citations
The European Physical Journal C
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
9.35
article

Reweighting simulated events using machine-learning techniques in the CMS experiment

A. Santoro, T. Reis, B. Kailasapathy, M. A. Ciocci, S. Polikarpov, A. Vilela Pereira, Ismail Okan Atakisi, A. Vagnerini, R. K. Singh, K. Rabbertz, S. Mukherjee, P. G. Kosmoglou Kioseoglou, U. Goerlach, J. Alexander, John D. Lawrence, J. Choi, G. Cummings, V. Brigljević, S. Bansal, M. M. A. Gadallah, J. Lidrych, S. Tuo, Ryan Mccarthy, Andrew Hart, A. Awais, P. Azzurri, A. Gurrola, L. Uplegger, S. Dittmer, A. Nikitenko, B. Hacışahinoğlu, D. Nguyen, Guo-Ming Chen, V. D’Amante, Lovisa Rygaard, S. Yang, James Natoli, Justin Anguiano, I. Lomidze, B. Blumenfeld, N. Varelas, W. L. Aldá Júnior, N. Venkatasubramanian, P. Zehetner, V. Wachirapusitanand, M. Osherson, H. Oğul, Aashay Arora, Frank Jensen, Sabrina Giorgetti, A. Lapertosa, G. Sorrentino, O. Kukral, Y. Xiang, M. Horzela, A. Harilal, A. Mecca, Farouk Mokhtar, R. Wolf, P. Vanlaer, K. Shchelina, S. H. Kim, Soumik Chandra, A. Tarabini, B. Akgün, M. Stamenkovic, Vincenzo Innocente, B. M. Joshi, M. Presilla, S. Tekten, A. Garcia-Bellido, G. Milella, A. Reimers, A. Rosowsky, K. Lamichhane, L. P. Nair, John Paul Chou, Daniil Rastorguev, M. Murray, S. Mishra, Aurora Perego, W. Lustermann, N. Bin Norjoharuddeen, Fakhri Alam Khan, D. R. Claes, Aman Rohilla, I. Dutta, P. Schütze, S. Sánchez Cruz, R. Klanner, A. Grohsjean, Oleg Teryaev, R. Chawla, N. Bacchetta, D. Contardo, A. Dierlamm, A. Escalante Del Valle, Andrea Triossi, C. Savard, Y. Lai, F. De Guio, E. Butz, C. Fangmeier, David Michael Morse, Ruben Gargiulo, M. Vojinoviç, J. Luo, F. Ivone, S. My, L. Tani, Cesare Cazzaniga, S. Abdullin, C. Reissel, C. Roland, E. Asilar, A. Sharma, P. K. Behera, K. T. S. Kallonen, S. Xie, B. Camaiani, J. Vazquez Escobar, D. Vats, H. Sert, I. Laflotte, Vincent J Smith, Andrés Cabrera, S. Wiedenbeck, S. Parolia, J. Park, John Hakala, L. Kreczko, P. Rumerio, C. Madrid, R. Rusack, Matteo Marchegiani, A. Taliercio, J. Guiang, W. Waltenberger, R. Koppenhöfer, Manoj Saini, D. Budkouski, G. B. Cerati, J. Reichert, Giorgia Bonomelli, M. 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Abstract

Data analyses in particle physics rely on an accurate simulation of particle collisions and a detailed simulation of detector effects to extract physics knowledge from the recorded data. Event generators together with a geant-based simulation of the detectors are used to produce large samples of simulated events for analysis by the LHC experiments. These simulations come at a high computational cost, where the detector simulation and reconstruction algorithms have the largest CPU demands. This article describes how machine-learning (ML) techniques are used to reweight simulated samples obtained with a given set of parameters to samples with different parameters or samples obtained from entirely different simulation programs. The ML reweighting method avoids the need for simulating the detector response multiple times by incorporating the relevant information in a single sample through event weights. Results are presented for reweighting to model variations and higher-order calculations in simulated top quark pair production at the LHC. This ML-based reweighting is an important element of the future computing model of the CMS experiment and will facilitate precision measurements at the High-Luminosity LHC.

The European Physical Journal CVol. 85(5)
University College Dublin (IE), University of Siena (IT), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE), Florida State University (US), University of California, Riverside (US), Eötvös Loránd University (HU), Florida Institute of Technology (US), University of Notre Dame (US), Ain Shams University (EG), Warsaw University of Technology (PL), National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (IT), University of Delhi (IN), University of Nebraska–Lincoln (US), Purdue University Northwest (US), Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (IN), California Institute of Technology (US), Texas Tech University (US), Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” (IT), University of Seoul (KR), Quaid-i-Azam University (PK), University of Iowa (US), University of Science and Technology of China (CN), Jagiellonian University (PL), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IN), University of Ruhuna (LK), Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (GB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), University of Vienna (AT), Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan (UZ), Visva-Bharati University (IN), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR), Universidad de Cantabria (ES), Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US), Georgian Technical University (GE), Université Libre de Bruxelles (BE), A. Alikhanyan National Laboratory (AM), Izmir University (TR), University of Debrecen (HU), Sharif University of Technology (IR), University of Helsinki (FI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (BE), University of Wisconsin–Madison (US), Kafkas University (TR), Seoul National University (KR), University of Trieste (IT), Johns Hopkins University (US), TU Wien (AT), University of Kansas (US), Bingöl University (TR), University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (CN), University of Antwerp (BE), Nanjing Normal University (CN), British University in Egypt (EG), University of California, Santa Barbara (US), Baylor University (US), Chulalongkorn University (TH), Universität Hamburg (DE), Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (IN), Universidad de Oviedo (ES), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IN), National Taiwan University (TW), University of Wuppertal (DE), Isfahan University of Technology (IR), Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE), University of Alabama (US), Vilnius University (LT), National Technical University of Athens (GR), John Brown University (US), Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University (TR), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) (BR), Wayne State University (US), University of Canterbury (NZ), University of Tarapacá (CL), South China Normal University (CN), University of Colorado Boulder (US), United States Naval Academy (US), Kansas State University (US), Durham University (GB), University of Trento (IT), Yonsei University (KR), University of Ioannina (GR), Yerevan State University (AM), HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (HU), Adıyaman University (TR), Homi Bhabha National Institute (IN), University of Puerto Rico System (PR), Vanderbilt University (US), National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR), Princeton University (US), Riga Technical University (LV), Middle East Technical University (TR), Peking University (CN), University of Zurich (CH), National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos" (GR), Universidad Iberoamericana (MX), Cornell University (US), Charles University (CZ), Purdue University West Lafayette (US), National Central University (TW), Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IN), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BG), Fudan University (CN), University of Pavia (IT), University of Perugia (IT), Université Paris-Saclay (FR), Yozgat Bozok Üniversitesi (TR), Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (UA), LIP - Laboratory of Instrumentation and Experimental Particle Physics (PT), Helsinki Institute of Physics (FI), University of Minnesota System (US), Université de Haute-Alsace (FR), Marconi University (IT), Ghent University Hospital (BE), Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (AU), Mitchell Institute (US), Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY (DE), Imperial Valley College (US), University of Colorado System (US), American University of the Middle East (KW), University of California System (US), Sejong University (KR), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal (IN), Babeș-Bolyai University (RO), Kyungpook National University (KR), National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (EE), University of Florida (US), University of Malaya (MY), University of Cyprus (CY), ETH Zurich (CH), Arak University (IR), Kyung Hee University (KR), Universidad de Antioquia (CO), University of Bristol (GB), University of California San Diego (US), Kuwait University (KW), University of Hyderabad (IN), University of Catania (IT), University of Illinois Chicago (US), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (BR), Universidad de Sonora (MX), University of Belgrade (RS), Yıldız Technical University (TR), Chonnam National University Hospital (KR), Horia Hulubei National Institute for R and D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering (RO), National Centre for Nuclear Research (PL), Milli Savunma Üniversitesi (TR), Institute of Particle Physics (CA), Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IT), China Spallation Neutron Source (CN), Instituto de Estudios Avanzados (VE), Eastern University, Sri Lanka (LK), Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa (TR), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur (IN), Konya Technical University (TR), Istinye University (TR), FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (CZ), Ruđer Bošković Institute (HR), Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (BR), HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics (HU), Centro Siciliano di Fisica Nucleare e di Struttura della Materia (IT), Amity University (AE), Institute of High Energy Physics (AT), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (FR), University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran (IR), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati (IN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (IT), Institute for Scintillation Materials (UA), Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (FR), Institut Polytechnique de Paris (FR), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IR), Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (BR), Scuola Superiore Meridionale (IT), Zewail City of Science and Technology (EG), Institute of Nuclear Physics of Lyon (FR), Stefan Meyer Institute for Subatomic Physics (AT), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN), Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (ES), Shorter College (US), University of Southampton (GB), Bakırçay Üniversitesi, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (FR), Boğaziçi University (TR), University of Florence (IT), Hanyang University (KR), Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey University (TR), University of Warsaw (PL), Istanbul Technical University (TR), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH), China Center of Advanced Science and Technology (CN), Panjab University (IN), University of Virginia (US), Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (DE), The Ohio State University (US), University of Rochester (US), University of Turin (IT), Cukurova University (TR), Monash University (AU), Texas A&M University at Qatar (QA), Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" (BG), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (MX), University of Montenegro (ME), Brunel University of London (GB), University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US), Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (FI), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (ES), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US), Fayoum University (EG), Hacettepe University (TR), University of Milano-Bicocca (IT), University of Maryland, College Park (US), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CH), Istanbul University (TR), AGH University of Krakow (PL), Polytechnic University of Bari (IT), Université de Strasbourg (FR), Near East University (CY), Universidad San Francisco de Quito (EC), National Polytechnic School (EC), University of Naples Federico II (IT), Universidade Federal do ABC (BR), Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (MX), Rice University (US), Marmara University (TR), Carnegie Mellon University (US), University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US), Henan Normal University (CN), Zhejiang University (CN), Sinop University (TR), Beihang University (CN), University of Genoa (IT), Helwan University (EG), University of California, Davis (US), Catholic University of America (US), Sungkyunkwan University (KR), Sapienza University of Rome (IT), Universidad del Noreste (MX), Erciyes University (TR), National University of Malaysia (MY), RWTH Aachen University (DE), Punjab Agricultural University (IN), University of Colombo (LK), Assiut University (EG), Texas A&M University (US), University of Latvia (LV), University of Split (HR), University of Bologna (IT), University of Rio Grande and Rio Grande Community College (US), UCLouvain (BE), Okan University (TR), Tsinghua University (CN), Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar (IN)
National Science Foundation, U.S. Department of Energy, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Welch Foundation, Kavli Foundation, Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, Nvidia, National Research Centre, Weston Havens Foundation, CERN, Türkiye Enerji, Nükleer ve Maden Araştırma Kurumu, European Commission, Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India, Science Foundation Ireland, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy, Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg, National Science Council, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, Austrian Science Fund, Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS, Belgian Federal Science Policy Office, Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Magyar Tudományos Akadémia, A.G. Leventis Foundation, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, Ministry of Education, India, Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Latvijas Zinātnes Padome, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, Ministry of Science,Technology and Research, Nemzeti Kutatási Fejlesztési és Innovációs Hivatal, Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation, Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Thailand, Qatar National Research Fund, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Fonds pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et dans l’Agriculture, European Regional Development Fund, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
Openalex Percentile: Top 3%
Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
9.35
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