Peculiarities of Emergence, Development and Genetic Mechanisms of Resistance Manifestation Towards Fungicides from the Chemical Classes of Triazoles and Strobilurins Among the Representatives of <i>Zymoseptoria tritici</i> (A Review)

Grain production serves as an important strategic resource of the Russian Federation, it is a fundamental branch of agricultural production. In order to get a high and stable yield, it is necessary to carry out protective measures for crops against various diseases. In recent years, leaf-stem diseases of grain crops stand out as the most harmful ones in agrocoenoses. They significantly decrease crop yield. Not only do they rapidly spread around multiple regions of the Russian Federation, but they encompass other grain-producing countries as well. Zymoseptoria tritici is a dangerous fungal phytopathogen that causes Septoria blotches among wheat, triticale, barley and rye. Within several decades, some significant progress has been made in the process of genetic control of wheat resistance to Z. tritici. However, due to the presence of favorable weather conditions contributing to the development of fungal infections, in order to prevent crop loss together with decrease in the quality of agricultural produce, from one to several fungicide treatments have to be implemented. Russian and foreign scientists have noted a tendency of Z. tritici to increase rersistance to some fungicides, which poses a problem with the successful implementation of efficient plant protection measures. Such classes as triazoles and strobilurins are no exception, and according to the FRAC rating, the risk of developing resistance to them is assessed as medium in the former and high in the latter, accordingly. Increasing problems caused by fungicide resistance in Z. tritici populations pose a threat to further wheat production. The purpose of the present research is to analyze modern literature data on the emergence of resistance to fungicides from the chemical classes of triazoles and strobilurins in Z. tritici. The given review examines the genetic mechanisms of resistance that appear in the phytopathogen; examples of monitoring studies of fungal resistance in various countries are provided alongside with practical recommendations on the implementation of anti-resistance strategies. The success of creating such strategies is impossible without knowledge of the pathogen population structure, cultivar resistance, regional agro-ecological peculiarities of the pathogen development and crop cultivation or the biological commercial and economic efficiency of protection means and methods.