A Framework for Enhancing the Needs Elicitation Process in Micro, Small, and Medium-sized Enterprises in Developing Countries

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) contribute significantly to a sustainable society but often face challenges in implementing sustainable technologies due to limited resources and the need for specialized knowledge. During the early design phase, including the needs elicitation process, MSMEs struggle in articulating their real needs, while experts may misunderstand these needs due to inherent biases. This paper proposes a novel framework to reduce biases, enhance accuracy of needs elicitation, and foster better communication and understanding between MSMEs and experts. The framework integrates storytelling, the Five Aggregates Model of Buddhism, Bradshaw's Taxonomy of Needs, and the distinction between needs and wants. Storytelling combined with the Five Aggregates Model reduces biases and articulation difficulties by improving understanding of user's cognitive process of thought and action. Bradshaw's Taxonomy of Needs provides a holistic understanding of needs from the perspectives of both the user and expert (engineer). Differentiating between needs and wants establishes a common understanding and prioritization of needs. A User Needs Elicitation Template is developed to assist in applying the framework. The effectiveness of the framework is demonstrated through the design of agricultural post-harvest drying systems in a developing country. This case illustrates how the framework enables engineers to balance empathy with contextual evaluation. By connecting the Five Aggregates elements with MSME contexts, the framework enhances empathy without compromising technical expertise. Clear characterization of needs and wants ensures accuracy and mutual understanding in prioritization of actual needs and preferred needs (wants).