Vice Admiral S.O. Makarov Contribution (1849–1904) to the Russia Consolidation in the Arctic Territories

the Russian Empire of the second half of the XIX -early XX centuries.Activities of S.O.Makarova is multifaceted and has high significance from the position of the intellectual Russian Empire in posing and solving problems in the field of domestic northern studies.The article analyzes the fundamental and applied research and educational activities of Vice Admiral S.O.Makarov, associated with the effective development of the Arctic and strengthening the position of the Russian state in this region.Based on the analysis of historical sources using an evidence-based approach, based on the lectures of S.O.Makarov, archival documents (1897Makarov, archival documents ( -1903)), as well as books by S.O.Makarov's "Analysis of the elements that make up the combat power of ships" (1894) and "Reflections on issues of naval tactics" (1897), the intellectual (fundamental and applied) factors in the development of the Arctic territories, science, technology, and the formation of the Russian Empire are identified.S.O.Makarov's innovative approaches to the development of domestic shipbuilding and naval tactics are emphasized, which laid the foundation for the further development of Arctic research and the icebreaker fleet for the next centuries.The importance of technical developments is due to the specifics of the Russian North, its complex and severe climatic and natural conditions.The importance of developing new approaches to conducting polar research is assessed, both from the point of view of technical equipment and from the educational and methodological standpoint, including for the training of qualified personnel for naval military affairs.The applied aspects of the northern studies of Vice Admiral S.O.Makarov related to the organization of polar expeditions on the Russian icebreaker Ermak, their results and impact on world and domestic science are considered.The main points of intellectual history in the field of Russian northern studies related to the activities of S. O. Makarov, through studying the history of Russian scientific and technical achievements in shipbuilding, navigation, academic works in the field of oceanography, technology and naval affairs.The discovery in his research of new principles for the development of the harsh Northern and Arctic territories of the Russian Empire is noted.