Solar Assisted Mitigation of Chloramphenicol and H₂ Evolution Using CuNi Alloy Nanoparticles on h-BN Doped g-C₃N₄: A Comprehensive Approach Combining Synchrotron and DFT Analysis

A simple one-step deposition-precipitation method was used to synthesize highly active and well-defined CuNi alloy bimetallic nanoparticles supported on h-BN/g-C₃N₄. The nanocomposite was applied for hydrogen gas evolution via seawater splitting and photocatalytic chloramphenicol (CHP) removal. Through TEM and synchrotron studies, the formation of CuNi alloy and uniform distribution of CuNi bimetallic nanoparticles on the h-BN/g-C₃N₄ surface was observed. The EXAFS analysis verified the successful formation of the alloy, while the XPS and XANES spectra showed that the bimetallic nanoparticles are in a metallic state. Additionally, XANES revealed nanoparticle distortion upon interaction with the support, confirming the effective formation of the nanocomposite. The nanocomposite achieved a maximum hydrogen evolution rate of 3658.9 μmol g^-1 h^-1 for 5 wt % CuNi(3:1)/h-BN/g-C₃N₄, outperforming CuNi(3:1) nanoparticles and pristine g-C₃N₄ by 1.82 and 4.31 times, respectively. Additionally, it degraded chloramphenicol with a rate constant (<i>k</i>_app) of 0.018 min^-1. Optical and electrochemical analysis revealed enhanced charge mobility, extended lifetime, improved photostability, and superior photoresponse. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations attributed the performance to the synergy between the bimetallic nanoparticles and the h-BN/g-C₃N₄ sheet. DFT calculations demonstrated the effective breakdown of chloramphenicol and the promotion of hydrogen gas evolution, aligning with experimental observations. Cytotoxicity of CHP post-treatment was analyzed using <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (fruit fly) and the Oregon-R strain of <i>D. melanogaster</i>.