Biotechnological innovation in fish breeding: from marker assisted selection to genetic modification

Abstract Biotechnological approaches have revolutionized the field of fish breeding, from marker-assisted selection to genetic modification. MAS employs molecular markers to identify and select individuals with advantageous traits, such as enhanced disease resistance and improved carcass quality, without introducing foreign DNA. This traditional method leverages natural genetic variation but is limited by the availability of markers and the complexity of traits. In contrast, the GM incorporates exogenous DNA into the fish genome, enabling the introduction of new traits and the modification of multiple traits simultaneously. This approach has been used to enhanceincrease growth rates, disease resistance, and feed conversion efficiency. However, the use of GM is controversial due to because of concerns about the safety and environmental impact of genetically modified organisms. Both MAS and GM present unique advantages and challenges: MAS is less controversial and relies on existing genetic diversity but has a limited scope, whereas GM is versatile but faces significant scrutiny. Together, these biotechnological approaches offer new opportunities for enhancing the sustainability and profitability of aquaculture. This review explores the potential and limitations of MAS and GM, highlighting their roles in the future of fish breeding and broader implications for the aquaculture industry.