Drive through dining and development: effect of zoning reform in Buffalo on site layout of and access to fast food restaurants

Fast food restaurants are ubiquitous in American cityscapes and often produce challenges for urban planners because their sites often require excessive provisions for automobiles in places where walkability and compactness are desired. This article explores the outcomes of a 2017 zoning reform in Buffalo, New York on the form and physical characteristics of fast food restaurants with drive through windows. Analyzing site plan and variance applications, we compare all drive through restaurant proposals approved under the new zoning code (2017 to 2022) with those approved prior to the zoning reform (2000 to 2016). After Buffalo’s transition to form-based zoning, fast food restaurant footprints consume on average 9 percent of property area, parking lots consume more land than building footprints in 90 percent of cases, and front setbacks are greater than 25 feet in 50 percent of cases. Automobile drivers continue to enjoy safer and more convenient site access than do pedestrians. The physical design and site layouts of drive through restaurants remain largely unchanged following the reform. Notable differences include a 25 percent decrease in parking lot size and 46 percent increase in vehicle stacking capacity in drive through lanes. Following the zoning reform, a majority (80 percent) of proposed fast food restaurants were granted variances in the approval process to allow reduced façade transparency, excessive setbacks, and drive through lanes in prohibited zones. Stricter implementation and stronger incentives to develop in appropriate locations would support achieving the broad vision of the zoning code to preserve neighborhood character and activate mixed-use centers.