Agrivoltaics as an SDG enabler: Trade-offs and co-benefits for food security, energy generation and emissions mitigation

Agrivoltaic systems (AVS) – wherein solar photovoltaic (PV) and commodity-based agriculture are co-located on the same land parcel – offer a sustainable approach to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by enabling concurrent renewable electricity and agri-food production. Here, we elucidate plausible co-benefits and trade-offs of agri-food production and electricity generation in AVS across manifold socio-enviro-economic contexts, with the aim of understanding contextualized interplay between AVS implementation and progress towards the SDGs. We modeled three AVS designs with varying solar panel densities (high, mid, low) at case study locations in Australia, Chad, and Iran using the System Advisor Model for PV and GrassGro for livestock systems. The findings suggest that in regions conducive to high biomass production per unit area, such as in Australia, AVS design with high solar panel density can reduce meat production by almost 50%, which can jeopardize food security and impede achieving SDG 2 (Zero Hunger). In these regions, AVS design with low solar panel density enables meeting SDGs aligned with agri-food production and renewable energy generation. In contrast, in semi-arid regions, such as Iran, AVS design with a high density of solar panels can improve agricultural production via the alleviation of water deficits, thereby supporting the prioritization of solar power generation, with food production as a co-benefit. In developing countries such as Chad, AVS can enhance economic development by providing electricity, food, and financial benefits. We call for policymakers to incentivize AVS deployment in such regions by attracting public and private investment to enable progress towards SDGs. • Optimal agrivoltaic design very much depends on site-specific factors. • Agrivoltaics can improve agricultural productivity in arid and semi-arid regions. • Agrivoltaics in developing countries may improve socio-economic outcomes.