Examining causal relationships between educational attainment and type 2 diabetes using genetic analysis: findings from the EPIC-InterAct study through Mendelian randomisation
The results supported the hypothesis that higher education is a protective factor for the risk of developing T2D. Based on its position in the causal chain, education may be antecedent of other known risk factors for T2D including unhealthy behaviours. These findings reinforce evidence obtained through observational study designs and bridge the gap between correlation and causation.
Authors
- Pilar Amiano Etxezarreta
- Alessandra Macciotta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0287-7979)
- Salvatore Panico (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5498-8312)
- Sofia Christakoudi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9219-4436)
- Claudia Agnoli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4472-1179)
- Thérèse Truong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2943-6786)
- Cloé Domenighetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6408-0351)
- Claudia Giachino (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7957-3925)
- Carlotta Sacerdote (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8008-5096)
- Matthias Bernd Schulze (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0830-5277)
- Fulvio Ricceri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8749-9737)
- Benedetta Bendinelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4796-1517)
- Alexis Elbaz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9724-5490)
- Susanne Oksbjerg Dalton (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5485-2730)
- Nita G. Forouhi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5041-248X)
- Rashmita Bajracharya (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2663-1367)
- Matteo Franco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1687-4893)
- Sandra M. Colorado‐Yohar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6700-0780)
- Conchi Moreno‐Iribas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6537-0131)
- Raúl Zamora‐Ros (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6236-6804)
- Christina C. Dahm (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0481-2893)
- Chiara Di Girolamo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6031-1009)
- Elisabete Weiderpass (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2237-0128)
- Paolo Vineis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8935-4566)
- María‐José Sánchez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4817-0757)
- Nicholas J. Wareham (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1422-2993)
- Verena Katzke
- Yvonne T. van der Schouw
Institutions
- Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale “Amedeo Avogadro” (IT)
- Inserm (FR)
- University of Potsdam (DE)
- German Cancer Research Center (DE)
- King's College London (GB)
- Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (FR)
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Université Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Basque Government (ES)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
- Instituto de Salud Pública de Navarra (ES)
- Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge (ES)
- Zealand University Hospital (DK)
- Ministry of Health (ES)
- Centre de recherche en Epidémiologie et Santé des Populations (FR)
- Institut Català d'Oncologia (ES)
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ES)
- Federico II University Hospital (IT)
- Danish Cancer Society (DK)
- Piedmont Reference Center for Epidemiology and Cancer Prevention (IT)
- Deutsches Diabetes-Zentrum e.V. (DE)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (ES)
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IT)
- MRC Epidemiology Unit (GB)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DE)
- German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
- Centre international de recherche sur le cancer (FR)
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Andalusian School of Public Health (ES)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
- Published
- 2024-12-10
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2024-222734
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.55
Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III