Impact of Smoking and Physical Activity on Total Cholesterol Levels, Lipoproteins, and Coronary Heart Disease Risk :Statistical Evidence.

This study examined the differences in plasma levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TGs) among a sample of individuals free from cardiovascular disease. The aim was to determine the effects of smoking and physical activity, as well as the influence of these factors, on the incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke. The research included a total of 902 participants, of whom 412 were current smokers and 490 engaged in aerobic exercise. Enzymatic colorimetric methods were used to analyze all studied parameters. The results showed that, for both sexes, smokers had higher levels of plasma total cholesterol, LDL-C, and TGs compared to non-smokers, while HDL-C levels were inversely correlated with smoking. Significant changes were observed in individuals who smoked more than nine cigarettes per day, while those who smoked fewer than ten cigarettes per day showed only minor effects. Regular physical activity was found to improve the plasma lipid profile (total cholesterol, LDL-C, and TGs), with reductions in these parameters depending on the frequency, intensity, and duration of exercise, as measured by the FIT (Frequency, Intensity, Time) scoring of physical activity. Notable reductions were seen only in those who regularly performed aerobic exercise, while HDL-C levels positively correlated with FIT scores and significantly increased only in those with an active lifestyle. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between males and females in any of the parameters tested, regardless of smoking or physical activity.