Use of water bodies by the collared peccary Pecari tajacu (Artiodactyla: Tayassuidae) in the Maya Forest, Mexico

Water availability is a critical factor influencing the abundance and distribution of species, particularly in environments where it is scarce. This study aimed to assess the visit frequency index (VFI, a proxy for abundance) and activity patterns of the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) at various natural and artificial water sources in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, Campeche, Mexico. We employed camera trapping from January to December 2020, monitoring 30 water bodies: 10 artificial water troughs, 10 natural aguadas (depressions where rainwater accumulates), and 10 sartenejas (erosion-formed cavities in rocky soils that collect rainwater). Our results indicate that P. tajacu utilized sartenejas (VFI = 29.92 records/trap-days) and water troughs (VFI = 22.08 records/trap-days) more frequently than aguadas (VFI = 6.54 records/trap-days). The daily activity patterns of P. tajacu were predominantly diurnal at water troughs and aguadas, while activity at sartenejas was cathemeral. Despite being a species known for its reliance on water sources, the VFI recorded in this study was lower compared to previous studies. This decrease is likely linked to increased water availability in the region during the study period, which may have led to avoidance behavior by P. tajacu due to the presence of white-lipped peccaries (Tayassu pecari) and predators such as jaguars (Panthera onca) and pumas (Puma concolor), which were more abundant at the aguadas. Considering the rapid progression of climate change and the increasing occurrence of extreme drought and rainfall events in the region, it is crucial to deepen our understanding of the relationships between water availability and the population dynamics of wildlife species. This knowledge will be essential for developing strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on biodiversity.