Gender disparity in public spaces of Iran: Design for more inclusive cities

Gender disparity in public spaces in Muslim societies, such as Iran, remains a pressing issue due to restrictive regulations on public presence and activities. These constraints create sociopolitical tensions, especially among young people, leading to conflicts between authorities and citizens. This paper highlights the importance of addressing these disparities to promote more inclusive urban environments, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Using data collected through interviews with 48 participants and observational studies in Isfahan, Iran, this study underscores that the principles of inclusive urban design are widely adaptable to various Muslim-majority countries and regions facing gender-based disparities. Moreover, the policy recommendations, ranging from improved urban lighting to the promotion of cultural shifts, could serve as a milestone for global cities striving to meet SDG 5 on gender equality. • The study reveals how urban design impacts gender disparity in public spaces. • The research highlights the need for privacy and safety of women in urban spaces. • It articulates principles for urban design aligned with SDG 5 on gender equality. • Younger and more educated women are more likely to perceive gender inequality. • This study proposes gender-sensitive design, flexible furniture, and cultural shifts.