Phytochemical profiling and fractionation of Helianthemum lippii extract versus silver nanoparticle-modified extract: assessment of photoprotective, anti-hemolytic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties

The findings demonstrate that Helianthemum lippii-derived Ag NPs exhibit enhanced antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-hemolytic properties compared to the extract fractions. While the SPF of Ag NPs was slightly lower than the AC and TN fractions, their superior multifunctional bioactivities underscore their potential for various biomedical applications. The integration of phytochemicals into Ag NPs significantly enhances their therapeutic efficacy, making them promising candidates for advanced pharmaceutical formulations and topical protective agents.