Economic Impact of Biotech and Nanotech Approaches in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Cultivation

Background: Chickpea cultivation plays a vital role in India's agricultural economy, yet it faces challenges like low yields, high input costs, and environmental concerns. Emerging biotechnological and nanotechnological approaches offer potential solutions to enhance productivity and sustainability in legume cultivation. This study evaluates the economic and environmental impacts of these technologies in comparison to conventional farming methods. Methods: A cost-benefit analysis was conducted for chickpea cultivation using both conventional and biotech/nanotech methods across key input categories. A regression model was developed to assess the impact of factors like farm size, irrigation access, and labour costs on profitability. Additionally, a scenario analysis was performed to project economic and environmental outcomes under varying levels of technology adoption. Results: Biotech/nanotech methods demonstrated a significant yield increase of 33% (1.6 tons/hectare vs. 1.2 tons/hectare), resulting in a 60% higher net return (₹48,800 vs. ₹30,500 per hectare). The cost-benefit ratio (CBR) improved from 2.03 (conventional) to 2.56 (biotech/nanotech). Environmental savings amounted to ₹1,800 per hectare through reduced pesticide and water usage. Scenario analysis showed that high adoption rates (90%) could lead to additional revenue of ₹17,000 per hectare and environmental savings of ₹16,200. These results indicate that biotech and nanotech approaches can significantly improve the economic and environmental sustainability of chickpea farming in India.